bnepathshala

  INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM UNIT IV Regional Rural and Co-operative banks in India: Functions; Role of regional rural and co-operative bank in rural India; Progress and performance .   ESTABLISHING THE RRBS Even after nationalization, there were cultural concerns which made it difficult for commercial banks even under the ownership of government, to lend to farmers. So Regional Rural Banks were started to work in rural perspectives & they can lend to more & more farmers, who are in real need of money. To provide them constitutional background, a separate act was passed. VARIOUS PROBLEMS OF RRBs RRBs were considered as a low-cost organisation having a rural philosophy, local touch & pro-poor focus. Each bank was to be funded by a ‘Public Sector Bank’ (PSU), though; they were planned as the self-sustaining credit institutions which were able to refinance their core resources in themselves & were expected from the statutory pre-emptions. There were 196 RRBs in In

Management Accounting Management Accounting is the presentation of accounting information in such a way as to assist management in the creation of policy and the day-to-day operation of an undertaking. Thus, it relates to the use of accounting data collected with the help of financial accounting and cost accounting for the purpose of policy formulation, planning, control and decision-making by the management.   Management accounting links management with accounting as any accounting information required for taking managerial decisions is the subject matter of management accounting.   Some leading definitions of Management Accounting are given below:   “Management Accounting is concerned with accounting information that is useful to management.” —R.N. Anthony   “Management Accounting is the term used to describe accounting methods, systems and techniques which coupled with special knowledge and ability, assists management in its task of maximising profits or minimising losse

  Unit II Element of Cost: Accounting for Material, Labour and Overheads, Assessment of Cost-Preparation of Cost Sheet and Statement of Cost   ELEMENTS OF COST   The following diagram depicts the various elements of cost-         Material Cost: Material is one of the important elements of cost and it has been observed that in the total cost structure of a product, material content is about 60 to 65%. The substantial proportion of material cost in the total cost demands more and more attention of the management towards this element. It is divided in to two-part. i. Direct Materials - Materials that are present in the finished product or can be identified in the finished product are called direct materials. For eg. coconuts in the case of coconut oil or wood in a wooden cupboard. ii. Indirect Materials - Indirect materials are those materials that do not normally form part of the finished products or which c